English


My Experience
Accompany Aunt in PKU
This incident accorred several month ago, it was saturday morning i’ll come home. When i was  going on the street, my mother called me. She told “don’t go home , your auntie will be brought to PKU”.  A few  minutes later my aunt got to PKU ago signed up to the receptionist. I used to be coward but no dare. She was treated at ward HUSNA because Gastritis. She was hospitalized for 4 days, every class i took home with him. My aunt was hospitalized since the day Saturday until Tuesday


MEDICAL TERMINOLOGI AND MEDICAL ESTEOLOGI
Nama : Juni Prayitno
NIM : (A01000575)
Prodi : S1 Keperawatan

“MEDICAL TERMINOLOGI”
Medical terminology is a vocabulary for accurately describing the alien body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner. It is to be used in the medical and nursing fields. This systematic approach to word building and term comprehension is based on the concept of: (1) word roots, (2) prefixes, and (3) suffixes. The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure.
List medical terms in the human body

Nowadays a lot of some medical terms in everyday conversation began to appear, the term the term is often called the call in terms of human body composition neighbor conversation ... .. These include:
Veins: Blood vessels which low oxygen levels in comparison with arteries
Artery: blood vessels which are rich in oxygen
Bradykardie: frequency heartrate<60.
Dyspnoe: It's hard to breathe .. free translation.
Sepsis: systemic inflammatory reaction (systemic inflammatory reaction) that can becaused by the invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Bronchitis: an infection in the bronchus ato Bronchien
Anemia: if the language of blood is less rough times yes ..
Auscultation: Physical examination of patients by way of hearing use a tool[stetoscope]
Bronchitis: an infection in the bronchus ato Bronchien
Bronchus: the main airways of the trachea (throat) into the lungs ²
Trachea: Roughly throat. started from the end of the mouth until the bronchus space
DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid [chromosom that became part of the blueprint for the specific qualities of genetics]

Ribonucleic acid (ribonucleic acid, RNA)
Molecular polinukleottida tuanggal strand, which respectively - each have a sub - the unit consists of a single nucleotide sugar ribose, a phosphate gugug, and one of the nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil)


Bacteria (bacterium)
Single-celled microorganisms that do not have a true cell nucleus

Poligenik trait (polygenic trait)
Phenotypic trait that is influenced by several genes
Selfish DNA (DNA Selfish)
DNA showed behavior memeberikan served without benefit to the organism.
Complementary DNA (compelementary DNA / cDNA)
DNA generated from RNA template via transcription process behind
DNA ligase
An enzyme that mengatalisasi connecting end - the end of the molecule fragment - fragment of DNA
Recombinant DNA (recombinant DNA)
New DNA molecules that emerge from rekombinsai genetics.
Duplication (Duplication)
Genetic event that is generally caused by abnormal meiosis, in which genes or parts of chromosomes to form a second copy through several cellular mechanisms.
Effect of Lyon (Lyon effect)
The lack of inactivity in one of two X chromosomes in each female somatic cells of mammals.
Exon (exon)
Penyendi a gene segment
Electrophoresis (electrophoresis)
The movement of molecules - molecules such as proteins or electric bermutan nucleic acid through the media assistance (starch, agarose, acrylamide or genes) that electricity.
Enzyme (enzyme)
A protein that mengatalisasi certain chemical reactions.
Restriction enzymes (restriction enzyme)
Enzymes produced by bacteria splitting foreign DNA molecules at specific oligonucleotide recognition site. Restriction enzymes are used extensively in recombinant DNA technology.
Epigenetika (epigenetic)
The whole mechanism, the path of development, and social and other environmental influences that are used to form the genome of an organism.
Epitasis
Genetic situation in which two or more genes produces a rich interplay of phenotypes.
Eugenics (Eugenics)
Ideology or practice that seeks to improve Homosapiens by altering its genetic composition.
Eusosial (eusocial)
Social system, as in bees, wasps and ants, which is marked by cooperation in maintaining pembagia child and reproductive work, where individuals who work streril petrified of reproductive individuals within a colony.

Evolution (evolution)
Changes in genetic composition of populations over time.
Expressed sequence tag (EST)
Section sequence encoding an RNA genes identified from the beginning (beginning) it.
Fenokopi (phencopy)
Environmental conditions formation phenotype resembles the effects of genetic composition.
Gene (gene)
A basic pemarisan nature, usually in the form of nucleotide sequence that details the production of a polypeptide or other functional products, such as ribosomal RNA, but can also be addressed in the range of DNA whose function is unknown.
Homeotic genes (homeotic genes)
A gene that mengendalikankeseluruhan body design of organisms by affecting the fate of cell groups in the development.
Regulatory genes (regulatory genes)
Genes that have control over ekspersi opoerasional other genes.
Genealogy (genealogy)
Notes from the ancestral lineage through a family tree
Genotype (genotype)
Genetic composition of an individual organism that refers to a single gene or set of genes.
Guanine (guanine)
One of the four organic bass which usually make DNA.
Haploid
A common condition in germ cells, which carry one copy of each chromosome.
Hormone (hormone)
Organic compounds produced in certain parts of organisms and sent to the destination cell in the body, where its effect on the phenotype appears.
Chromosome (chromosome)
Such structure of yarn in the cells that carry the gene - the gene.
X Chromosome
Sex chromosome that usually appears in two copies in female mammals (homogamet sex), and one on dulikat male (heterogametic sex)
Y chromosome
In mammals, sex chromosomes which are usually owned by men - men.
Gene pool (gene pool)
The entire genetic material in a population or species.

Mitochondria (mitochondrion)
Organelles in the cytoplasm of cells that have their own DNA (mtDNA) and is home to a number of telibat metabolic pathway in the production of cellular enegi.
Retrovirus
Viral RNA transcripts that utilize back over his life cycle to merge with its host cell's DNA.
Cell (cell)
A life's smallest and wrapped membranes are capable of doing swareproduksi
Virus
Obligate intracellular parasite is very little that is not capable of replicating itself, namaun using the host cell replicative machinery nyauntuk replicate.
PS: but sometimes there is a term / abbreviation which is often in life people but notactually stated in medical terms / paramedis.
Ex: who actually AIDS SIDA, Hemel [Haematemesis melena, vomiting in barengidysentery].


“MEDICAL ESTEOLOGI”
Osteology is the scientific study of bones. A subdiscipline of anthropology and archeology, osteology is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics), etc. often used by scientists with identification of human remains with regard to age, death, sex, growth, and development in a biocultural context.The framework of the body is built upon a series of bones, supplemented in certain regions by cartilage; the bony part of the framework constitutes the skeleton.

The skeletal system serves several functions, among them are:
1. Protection and support:
The ribs protect the organs of the thorax and the skull protects the brain. The legs support the weight of the entire body. The vertebrae also support the upper body.

2. Movement:
Most skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the skeletal system and use them as leverage points for movement of the body.

3. Production of blood cells:
The bone marrow produces blood cells in a process known as hematopoiesis.

4. Storage:
"Yellow bone marrow" or adipose tissue stores fat in the medullary cavity of long bones. Bones can also be broken down to release inorganic calcium and phosphorus stored in the non cellular matrix of the bone.
In the skeleton of the adult there are generally 206 distinct bones:
a. Axial Skeleton:
- Vertebral column: 26
- Skull: 22
- Hyoid bone: 1
- Ribs and sternum: 25
- Auditory ossicles: 6
Total: 80

b. Appendicular Skeleton:
- Upper extremities: 64
- Lower extremities: 62
Total: 126

Total: 206


Parts of the human body:
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk:
- Chest (Thorax)
- Stomach (Abdomen)
- Hip (Pelvis)
4. Upper Extremities:
- Arm and Forearm
- Wrist
5. Lower Extremities:
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot


Types of Bones


Bones are divisible into four classes: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular:
1. Long Bones are found in the limbs and function as levers, they are longer than they are wide.

2. Short Bones transfer forces of movement and are cube shaped as in the carpus and tarsus.

3. Flat Bones are used for either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. The bones expand into broad, flat plates, as in the skull and the scapula.

4. Irregular Bones have peculiar forms, cannot be grouped under the preceding heads, and are used for muscle attachement and articulation. Some irregular bones include the vertebræ, sacrum and coccyx.

LONG BONE


Long bones consists of a body or shaft and two extremities. The body, or diaphysis is cylindrical, with a central cavity termed the medullary cavity. The wall consists of dense, compact tissue of considerable thickness in the middle part of the body, but becoming thinner toward the extremities. Within the medullary cavity is adipose tissue or "yellow bone marrow".

The extremities are refered to as the epiphysis. Within the epiphysis is the "spongy bone" also known as "red bone marrow". It is within this marrow that red blood cells are produced at an average rate of 2.5 million per second. Running horizontally across the spongy bone of this region is the Epiphyseal line which is a region of cell growth responsible for lateral bone growth during youth, when growth is complete this line calcifies and becomes known as the epiphyseal plate.

Nutrient foramen run through the compact bone and allow the passage of nutrients in and out of the bone. There is a thin outer layer of connective tissue called the PERIOSTEUM which is highly vascular and allows for muscle and tendon attachment, it is bound to the bone itself by PERFORATING FIBERS which are composed of collagen.

This layer does not cover the articulating regions of the bone. The bones belonging to this class include: the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

SHORT BONE


Short bones are generally equal in length, width, and thickness. They are found in the wrists and ankles. Aside from points of insertion and vascular areas, short bones are almost completely covered by articular surfaces.

FLAT BONE
These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of spongy bone. They generally offer protection, as is the case with the bones of the cranium and with the ribs and sternum. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxæ (hip bone), sternum, ribs, and, according to some, the patella.

IRREGULAR BONE
The irregular bones are such as, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped under the preceding heads. They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebræ, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.


Surfaces of Bones


If the surface of a bone be examined, certain eminences and depressions are seen. These eminences and depressions are of two kinds: articular and non-articular.

Well-marked examples of articular eminences are found in the heads of the humerus and femur; and of articular depressions in the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Non-articular eminences are designated according to their form. Thus, a broad, rough, uneven elevation is called a tuberosity, protuberance, or process, a small, rough prominence, a tubercle; a sharp, slender pointed eminence, a spine; a narrow, rough elevation, running some way along the surface, a ridge, crest, or line. Non-articular depressions are also of variable form, and are described as fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches, etc. These non-articular eminences and depressions serve to increase the extent of surface for the attachment of ligaments and muscles, and are usually well-marked in proportion to the muscularity of the subject. A short perforation is called a foramen, a longer passage a canal.


Structural classification of Joints
(according to how the bones are connected to each other)


There are three structural classifications of joints:
1. Fibrous joint - joined by fibrous connective tissue
2. Cartilaginous joint - joined by cartilage
3. Synovial joint - not directly joined

FIBROUS JOIN
- Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen.
- Types of Fibrous joints: Sutures, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.
These joints are also called "fixed" or "immoveable" joints, because they do not move. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints.

a. Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial).

b. Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), albeit not to such degree as synovial joints.

c.Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.

CARTILAGINOUS JOINT


- Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
- An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.
- Cartilaginous joints can be divided into 2 types: Primary cartilaginous joints and Secondary cartilaginous joints.

a. Primary cartilaginous joints
Known as "synchondroses". Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, sometimes occurring between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age.
Examples in humans are the "growth plates" between ossification centers in long bones. These joints here allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or ribs.

b. Secondary cartilaginous joints
Known as "symphyses". Fibrocartilaginous joints, usually occurring in the midline.
Examples in human anatomy would be the manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the sternum), intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis.
Articulating bones at a symphysis are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a thick, fairly compressible pad of fibrocartilage between them.

SYNOVIAL JOINT













- A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.
- Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints is the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within that capsule (synovial cavity).
- There are seven types of synovial joints. Some are relatively immobile, but are more stable. Others have multiple degrees of freedom, but at the expense of greater risk of injury. In ascending order of mobility, they are:


a. Gliding joints (or planar joints): These joints allow only gliding or sliding movements. Example: The carpals of the wrist, acromioclavicular joint

b. Hinge joints: These joints act like a door hinge, allowing flexion and extension in just one plane. Example: The elbow (between the humerus and the ulna)

c. Pivot joints: One bone rotates about another. Example: Atlanto-axial joint, proximal radioulnar joint, and distal radioulnar joint

d. Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints): A condyloid joint is where two bones fit together with an odd shape (e.g. an ellipse), and one bone is concave, the other convex. Some classifications make a distinction between condyloid and ellipsoid joints. Example: The wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)

e. Saddle joints: Saddle joints, which resemble a saddle, permit the same movements as the condyloid joints. Example: Carpometacarpal or Trapeziometacarpal Joint of thumb (between the metacarpal and carpal - the trapezium ) , sternoclavicular joint

f. Ball and socket joints: These allow a wide range of movement. Example: The shoulder(glenohumeral), and hip joints

g. Compound joints: Condylar joint(condyles of femur join with condyles of tibia) and Saddle joint(lower end of femur joins with patela). Example: The knee joint